Llama with lateral recumbency

Physical Examination

  • General appearance: Appears lethargic and is laterally recumbent. Slightly underweight.

  • Vital signs:
  • Temperature: 36.3° C (97.4° F)
  • Pulse: 60 beats/min
  • Respirations: 24/min
  • Weight: 147 kg (324 lbs)

  • Skin: Fiber matted with multiple burrs

  • HEENT: Sclera clear, mucous membranes pink, ears clean; no ocular discharge, submandibular lymphadenopathy, or oral lesions observed.

  • Pulmonary: Eupneic, with no sneezing or coughing.

  • Cardiovascular: No murmur or arrhythmia, capillary refill time normal, adequate jugular refill.

  • Gastrointestinal: Gut sounds present but decreased.

  • Musculoskeletal: Limited exam due to lateral recumbency. Joints normal. No pain elicited on palpation of neck, spine, or limbs.

  • Neurologic: Intermittent episodes of extensor rigidity in forelimbs, mild opisthotonos, weak withdrawal reflex in left hind, minimal movement in hind limbs. Cranial nerves and myotatic reflexes appropriate.

  • Mental status: Quiet, slow responses.